Cisco CCNP 2.0
Certified Internetworking Troubleshooting
General Network Management
Criteria
SMT (Station Management: ANSI FDDI specification
that defines how ring stations are managed) entity
coordination/management states
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Responsible for
overlooking the operation of CEM (Configuration Management
Elements, not to confuse with Cisco email Manager)
and PCM
(Physical Connection Management)
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Out – router is isolated
from network
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In – router is connected
to the network
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Trace – router tries to
localize a stuck beacon
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Leave – router allows
all connections to break before leaving the network
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Path_test – router tests
its internal paths
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Insert – router ready
for optical bypass process to perform insert operation
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Deinsert – router ready
for the optical bypass process to perform de-insert
operation
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Check – ensures optical
bypasses are switched correctly
Analyzing a Network Problem
The first step is to make a clear problem
statement indicating symptoms and potential causes. After
defining the possibilities, gather facts by asking
users
questions and collecting information from sources such as
network management systems, protocol analyzers, output from
router diagnostic
commands or software release notes, etc.
Then isolate the problem to one device by changing only one
variable at a time until the problem is resolved.
If the
changes made do not solve the problem then undo all the
changes and redefine the problem statement.
Typical Troubleshooting Commands for Router /
Switch
Show controllers Ethernet [interface
number] |
To display statistics like missing datagrams, memory errors, buffer errors, and overflow
errors for an Ethernet interface on a Cisco router
(Please note this command will not give you information
on internal hardware errors) |
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To display the router images stored in
NVRAM |
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To display statistics for the buffer
pools in router (Please note that the router has one
pool of queuing elements and five pools of packet
buffers of different sizes. Network server keeps counts
of the number of buffers outstanding, the number of
buffers in the free list, and the maximum number of
buffers allowed in the free list for each
pool) |
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To display information about the active
processes in a router |
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To show tech support router conditions
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To show current status of router
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To check if RIP routing is operating
properly |
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To display the entries in the routing
table |
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To obtain a router’s firmware version
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To obtain a router’s current
configuration |
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To display an upstream neighbor value of
0000 0000 0000 for FDDI (Keep in mind that 0000 0000
0000 means the upstream neighbor is unknown, indicating
that a physical problem is likely to have
occurred) |
Debug isdn q921 / debug isdn
q931 |
To troubleshoot ISDN BRI layer 2 and 3
|
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To view information specifically about
the D channel of a BRI line |
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To send debugging output to the consol
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To obtain statistics about a PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuit) on all Frame Relay
interfaces |
Other commands
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The “trace” command
works by using an error message generated by routers when a
datagram exceeds its time-to-live value. It displays the
router
round-trip time for each probe.
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The “service timestamps”
command puts a date and time in the log in order to tell how
much time has elapsed between events.
Troubleshooting Tools
Break out boxes / BERTS (Bit Rate Error
Testers) / Fox boxes |
Troubleshoot peripheral interfaces by
monitoring data line conditions, analyzing and trapping
data, and diagnosing problems common to data
communication systems |
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Measures the physical properties
including current, resistance, capacitance, and cable
continuity |
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Checks physical connectivity on STP, UTP, 10BaseT, coaxial, and a special cable type called
twinax-cable |
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Troubleshoots crimps, kinks, impedance,
bends, and other defects in metallic cables by measuring
how much time it takes the signal to reflect and
calculating the distance to a fault |
Optical Time Domain Reflectors
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Troubleshoots optical
cable |
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Determines a baseline and establish
trends in the networks |
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Decodes the various layers in a frame
and presents them as summaries detailing which layer is
involved |
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Collects RMON
information |
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Pastes in the output of a “Show stack”
command after an error. The stack decoder tool will
provide meaningful comments in the stack
trace |
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CCO bug toolkit resources
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Bug Navigator, Bug Alert and Bug
Watcher |
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Simulates network changes in a virtual
environment |
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The site has a technical database, an
open question-and- answer forum, a mailing-list archive,
a troubleshooting assistant, a software bug toolkit,
accesspath configuration tools, an IP subnet calculator,
a stack decoder, a 3600 memory calculator, TAC Case
instructions, and Cisco products for purchase
online |
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Internetwork management software that
works with SNMP. It can monitor devices for
environmental and interface statistics, display
information about the health of a device, view data
similar to the output of a “show exec” command, display
and analyze the path between two devices, probe and
extract data about the condition of the network,
dynamically monitor and troubleshoot using graphs of
device statistics and comprehensive configuration
information, gather historical data for analysis, and
create detailed maps which you can provide to CiscoTAC
for assistance in debugging your
network |
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Remote monitoring tools to gather data,
monitor activity on your network and find potential
problems, and allows users to monitor all seven layers
of the OSI model |
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Provides an accurate representation of
the physical network, has the capability to find
discrepancy on conflicting ports, can quick detect
changes in VLAN status and switch ports, and has user
authentication and write protection
security |
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Provides simulations of failures and
allows users to test possible solutions (CSEs (Customer
Support Engineers) often connect to the Troubleshooting
Engine to network hardware in the TAC (Technical
Assistance Center)
lab) |
Sales Tool Central - Troubleshooting
Assistance
Physical Router Hardware Problems
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Cabling: to eliminate
possible cable breaks or cable plant & punch down
connections, try to replace cable with a good external
cable.
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Dialing: if the
incorrect cable is used, the router may never attempt to
dial; if the speed is configured incorrectly, the router
will dial but not connect.
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Power system: power
supply + wiring + system cables (including all external
cables that connect to the router) + cooling system + blower
assembly. Note that some models have power supply
redundancy, and some are even hot swappable.
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Emulator traps: the
processor has executed an illegal instruction, caused by
either the software taking illegal branches or by hardware
failures
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Connection:
misconfigured CHAP allows connection but not authentication;
misconfigured route does not allow traffic to reach the
remote end.
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Processor timers: guard
against certain types of system hangs. The watchdog timer
must be periodically reset, or a trap will occur (i.e.
something wrong).
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Input errors: error
occurred while the data was in transit.
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Parity errors: internal
hardware error checks failed, likely to be a hardware
problem.
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Bus errors: processor
tries to use a device or a memory location that either does
not exist or does not respond properly.
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Address errors: software
tries to access data on an incorrectly aligned
boundary.
Configuration Issues
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Bad hop count: when
there is a high number of packets with a bad hop count
(i.e., packets were discarded because their hop count
exceeded 16), a possible cause is a backdoor bridge between
segments (when Spanning Tree was disabled).
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Asymmetric VS symmetric
flow control: in an asymmetric model the local port performs
flow control of the remote port. If the local port is
congested, it can request the remote port to stop
transmitting until the congestion is clear. In a symmetric
model, the local port will perform flow control only if the
remote port can perform flow control.
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Spanning Tree Protocol:
if no information has been received by the end of a
forwarding delay, the port returns to a learning state. As a
result of new BPDU information, a previously blocked port
may now be the root port or the designated port for a given
segment. Rather than move directly from the blocked state to
the forwarding state, ports go through two intermediate
states – the listening state and then the learning state. At
the end of a second forwarding delay time, the port switches
from the learning state to the forwarding state, thereby
allowing frames to be received and forwarded at the port.
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Booting: a ROM IOS image
is relatively old, so is not desirable. Net booting is
acceptable only if the server is reliable. Booting from
Flash is the fastest, but you still need an alternate boot
path setup in the event that your flash becomes corrupt. The
recommended order to boot images is: Flash, network, ROM.
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IRDP (ICMP Router
Discovery Protocol): IRDP uses router advertisements and
router solicitation messages to discover the addresses of
routers on directly attached subnets. Sometimes a host will
receive an ICMP redirect to another destination if the host
uses a router with a poor metric to reach a destination.
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Multicasting: used when
a single packet needs to be sent to multiple destinations.
Three ways to multicast are UDP flooding (useful for optimal
traffic flow throughout an Internetwork), subnet broadcast
(may lead to packet duplication), and IGMP (relies on class
D IP addresses for the creation of multicast groups).
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Routing: a route is
learned through the wrong interface is caused by a disabled
split horizon. Split horizon allows routes to be propagated
through interfaces other than the one it came from.
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Serial line over
utilization: controlling how the router uses buffers can (to
a certain extent) resolve the problem. Cisco routers
allocate different size buffers. When a buffer is needed and
no existing buffer is available in the free list, a new
buffer is created. The count created by the show buffers
keeps track of the number of newly created buffers. Of
course, a buffer is a limited resource, so if the usage is
really too heavy, no matter how you adjust it, the buffer
problem will still exist.
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When a router crashes,
obtain a full copy of the core dump and let your technical
support representative identify the cause.
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Critical error messages:
displayed to console. If you set “no logging on” – this will
disable logging to all other destinations.
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Access lists: must be
put in place intentionally. Other possibilities to an
access-list problem are addressing and sub-netting problems.
If connection attempts to certain applications succeed while
others fail, try the “show running-config” command and
determine which access lists cause the problems. Finally,
disable the troublemakers.
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Novell servers: use a
internal IPX network number that is unique throughout the
entire Internetwork. Novell servers autodetect network
numbers and frame types during installation. Problems may
arise when a Novell server is moved from one segment to
another. By default Cisco routers use 802.3 encapsulation
for IPX. Watch out for incorrect encapsulation type
settings.
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SNMP: causes significant
impact on the network due to its almost continuous amount of
traffic to the management station.
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LOOPBACK test: to
troubleshoot a HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) or PPP
(Point-to-Point Protocol) link, put the CSU/DSU in loop-back
mode and issue a “show interfaces serial” exec command. This
command will check whether the line status changes from
“line protocol is down” to “line protocol is up (looped)” or
if it remains down. The bottom line is the keep-alive
counter should increment. Keep in mind though, there is no
loopback in X.25 or Frame-Relay packet- switched networks.
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System image corruption
troubleshooting steps
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Power cycle the router
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Press the break key
within 60 seconds of booting
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In ROM monitor enter
“o/r 0x1” to set the configuration register to boot from
ROM (1 to reinitialize the router and obtain the correct
system image via TFTP)
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Fix the configuration
as necessary
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Enter “boot system
flash” to change the configuration register to boot from
flash memory instead of ROM
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Modem configuration: If
you are using IOS Release 11.1 or later, configure your
Cisco router to communicate with and configure your modem
automatically ( use the modem “autoconfigure discovery line”
configuration command). To display the list of modems for
which the router has entries, use “show modemcap
modem-name.” If you want to change a modem value, use
“modemcap edit modem-name attribute value line”
configuration command.
Counters and Measurements
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Runts: the number of
packets discarded because they are smaller than the medium’s
minimum packet size.
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Underruns: the number of
times transmitter has been running faster than the router
can handle.
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Ignored - number of
received packets ignored by the interface because the
interface ran low on internal buffers (not system buffer).
The usual causes are broadcast storms and bursts of noise.
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Interface reset: the
number of times the interface has been completely reset.
This can happen if packets queued for transmission were not
sent within several seconds, if a serial line a
malfunctioning modem is not supplying a transmit clock
signal, or if there is a cable problem. Sometimes interface
resets can occur when an interface is looped back or shut
down.
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Packets pitched: the
number of times a router has received its own broadcast
packets
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CRC (Cyclic Redundancy
Check): the number of times the interface receives packets
that fail the Cyclic Redundancy Checksum. On a LAN this
usually indicates noise, transmission problems, or a station
transmitting bad data.
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Transition counter: the
number of times the ring made a transition from up to down
or vice versa. A large number indicates a problem with the
ring or the interface.
Switching mode and Cisco 7000 series VIP
(Versatile Interface Processor)
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When debugging is on,
the mode is process switched
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Based on RISC engine
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One or two port adapters
or daughter boards may be attached to a VIP
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Able to receive route
information from the master RSP
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Able to make its own
autonomous, multiplayer-switching decisions for distributed
switching
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Supports mixed
media
Troubleshooting for Serial Lines
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Show interfaces serial -
displays information specific to serial interfaces.
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Show controllers - for
serial interfaces on Cisco 7000 series routers use “show
controllers cbus.” For the Access series products use “show
controllers.” For the AGS, CGS, and MGS, use “show
controllers mci.”
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Incorrect DSU or CSU
configuration can lead to clocking problem. You can examine
the interface and see if CRC, framing errors, and aborts are
exceeding an approximate range of 0.5% to 2.0% of traffic.
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Excessively high
bandwidth utilization (over 70%) results in reduced
performance and possible intermittent failures. Before
increasing the bandwidth, you can adjust the router data
buffer to help temporarily.
Troubleshooting for ISDN
Troubleshooting ATM
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Allowed encapsulation
methods: AAL5, PVC, SVC.
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ISL contains header,
original packet, and FCS fields.
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ISL not directly
supported by ATM, but can be implemented in ATM LANE
configuration.
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Virtual LAN ID (called
the COLOR) is 15 bits, which is different for each VLAN.
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Packets on the ISL trunk
use: Debug vlan packet.
Troubleshooting Frame Relay
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Typical problems: frame
relay link is down, cannot ping remote router, or cannot
ping end-to-end.
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Output from “show
interfaces serial” can show if the interface and line
protocol are down or that the interface is up and the line
protocol is down.
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Ensure that both Cisco
devices are using IETF encapsulation method - check it out
with the “show frame-relay map” command.
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Ensure proper frame
relay address mapping by using “show frame-relay
map.”
Troubleshooting FDDI
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FDDI has two rings with
data traveling in opposite directions. One ring is called
the primary ring while the other is the secondary ring:
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Primary ring for data
transmission, and
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Secondary ring for
backup.
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Physical architecture:
two or more point-to-point connections between adjacent
stations.
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Four separate
specifications
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MAC (Media Access
Control) - how the medium is accessed including frame
format, methods for error detection (CRC), and error
correction.
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PHY (Physical
Sub-layer) - data encoding and decoding procedures,
clocking requirements, and framing.
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PMD (Physical Medium
Dependent) - transmission medium characteristics including
power levels, bit error rates and optical components and
connectors.
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SMT (Station
Management) - defines FDDI station, ring configuration,
and ring control.
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Ring control functions
include station insertion and removal, initialization, fault
isolation and recovery, scheduling, and collection of
statistics.
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Supports both
synchronous and asynchronous traffic management
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Synchronous - fully
utilizes the network by using a reserved token, best
suited for high-demand, low-latency applications such as
voice and video.
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Asynchronous -
bandwidth is allocated using an eight-level priority
scheme and using what is left over after all devices have
been allocated synchronous bandwidth. Usually used for
continuous stream of data. Please note that FDDI permits
extended dialogs to allow stations to temporarily use all
available asynchronous traffic.
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Dual ring: if a station
on the dual ring fails the dual ring is automatically
doubled back on itself into a single ring. The problem for a
big FDDI is multiple failures occur in multiple areas and
will create isolated rings that cannot talk to each other.
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Optical bypass switches
can prevent ring segmentation by eliminating failed stations
from the ring.
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FDDI port statuses
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‘A’ - upstream
neighbor is a Physical A type DAS.
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‘B’ - upstream
neighbor is a Physical B type DAS.
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‘S’ - upstream
neighbor is a Physical A type SAS.
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‘M’ - neighbor is a
physical M type concentrator serving as a master to a
connection station or concentrator.
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‘UNK’ - network server
has not completed the CMT process – cannot find out about
its neighbor.
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Valid states of the
Physical A or Physical B interface are Off, Active, Trace,
Connect, Next, Signal, Join, Verify, or Break.
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To troubleshoot FDDI
ring use the command “show interfaces fddi.” If both
neighbors appear as normal, use ping to test connectivity.
If either neighbor has only zeros in the address field, then
try using an OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) or
light meter to test for physical connectivity.
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A fail-over to a bypass
switch: bypass switches do not actually repeat signals.
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Frames: tokens and
data/command frames. A token is not a frame type, but a
“field” within a frame. Each token is three bytes in length
with a start delimiter, an access control byte, and end
delimiter. Data / command frames vary in size.
Troubleshoot VLAN
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To configure a VLAN use
RSM in the switch or attach a router to a VLAN trunking port
using ISL encapsulation.
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Incorrect VLAN trunking
protocol configuration will cause a VLAN to be slow or non-operational.When a line protocol Frame Relay is down,
check for timing problems with myseq and myseen keep-alive
events, command to show: debug serial interface.
Troubleshooting AppleTalk
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Debug apple events EXEC
command: displays information about AppleTalk special events
or to find out if neighbors become reachable/unreachable or
interfaces go up/down.
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AppleTalk Data Stream
Protocol: guarantees that data bytes are delivered in the
same order as they are sent and that they are not
duplicated.
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AppleTalk Session
Protocol: establishes and maintains logical conversations
between an AppleTalk client and a server. ASP is considered
a session layer protocol.
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AppleTalk Printer Access
Protocol: a connection-oriented protocol responsible for
establishing and maintaining connections between clients and
servers.
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AppleTalk Filing
Protocol: allows a client to share server files across a
network.
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AppleTalk Update-Based
Routing Protocol: allows network administrator to connect
two or more AppleTalk Internetworks through a foreign
network.
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Datagram Delivery
Protocol - provides connectionless service between network
sockets that can be assigned statically or dynamically.
AppleTalk addresses are administered by the DDP and are made
up of two components: a 16-bit network number and a 8-bit
node number.
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AppleTalk’s Name Binding
Protocol (NBP): associates AppleTalk names with addresses.
AppleTalk’s node addresses are assigned dynamically. When a
Macintosh starts up it will choose a network layer protocol
address and try to find out whether that address is
currently in use. If it cannot the new node will assign
itself an address.
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AppleTalk’s transport
layer consists of
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Routing Table
Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
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AppleTalk Update-Based
Routing Protocol (AURP)
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AppleTalk Echo
Protocol (AEP)
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AppleTalk Transaction
Protocol (ATP)
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Name Binding Protocol (NBP).
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EtherTalk: AppleTalk
over Ethernet.
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TokenTalk: AppleTalk
over Token Ring.
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FDDITalk: AppleTalk over FDDI.
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LocalTalk: AppleTalk’s
proprietary media-access system based on contention access,
bus topology, and baseband signaling running on shielded
twisted-pair media at 230.4kbps. Maximum span of up to 300
meters and support up to 32 nodes.
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Zones: defined by the
AppleTalk network manager during the router configuration
process. Every node belongs to a single specific zone.
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AppleTalk phase II:
extended network having multiple zones.
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Debug apple zip: command
to report the discovery of new zones.
Troubleshooting IPX
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NetWare specifies the
upper five layers of the OSI reference model.
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Remote access
transparent to user through remote procedure calls.
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LAN - runs on
Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5, Fiber
Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and ARCnet.
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WAN - Point-to-Point
Protocol.
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IPX uses RIP to route
packets in an Internetwork.
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SAP allows nodes that
provide services to advertise their addresses and the
services they provide.
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Supports IBM logical
unit (LU) 6.2 network addressable units (NAUs) for
peer-to-peer connectivity across IBM communication
environments.
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SPX - transport layer
protocol, reliable and connection-oriented.
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Internet Protocol is
supported in the form of User Datagram Protocol.
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NCP - services provided
include file access, printer access, name management,
accounting, security, and file synchronization.
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NetBIOS session-layer
interface specification is supported!
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Typical problem for IPX
network: Misconfigured client or server, not enough user
licenses, mismatched network numbers (all servers on the
same LAN must have the same external network number if they
use the same frame type).
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Other common problems
are:
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Router interface is
down (use show interfaces)
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Mismatched Ethernet
encapsulation methods (use show ipx interface)
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Ring speed
specification mismatch (use the show interfaces token
command)
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Duplicate node numbers
on routers (use ipx routing node)
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Duplicate network
numbers (use show ipx servers and show ipx
route), and
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Backdoor bridge
between segments (use show ipx traffic).
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If you are using NetWare
3.12 or above and you have LIPX enabled, a client and server
could conceivably negotiate a packet size larger than a
router could support, causing intermediate routers to drop
packets.
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RIP timer-value
mismatches between routers and servers can cause
connectivity problems – use show ipx interfaces to view the
state of IPX interfaces. Timer values configured on servers
and routers should be the same across the whole IPX network,
so use the “ipx update-time” interface configuration command
to change the RIP timer interval.
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When Novell SAP packets
are not forwarded through a router running IPX RIP, it may
be due to a timer mismatch or a server problem / access list
misconfiguration.
Troubleshoot Transparent bridges
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First developed by DEC.
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Their presence and
operation are transparent to network hosts.
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Learn network's topology
by analyzing the source address of incoming frames from all
attached networks.
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Sees its table as the
basis for traffic forwarding.
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Without a
bridge-to-bridge protocol, the transparent bridge algorithm
fails when there are multiple paths.
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Use “show bridge" to see
whether there is a connectivity problem and to make sure
that the bridging table includes the MAC addresses of
attached end nodes.
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Use “debug
spanning-tree” to see whether spanning-tree hello frames are
being exchanged.
Connectionless Network Service - CLNS
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Implemented by using the Connectionless Network
Protocol (CLNP) and Connectionless Network Service (CLNS).
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ISO 8473 standard.
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CLNP - network-layer protocol to carry upper-layer
data and error indications over connectionless links. It is
the interface between the Connectionless Network Service (CLNS) and the upper layers.
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CLNS - does not perform connection setup or
termination, as paths are determined independently for each
packet. It works on best-effort delivery basis only.
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Does not exchange control information
(handshake) to establish end-to-end connection before
transmitting data.
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Other transport-layer protocols will have to take
care of error detection and correction.
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IP is a connectionless protocol! It relies on
protocols in other layers to establish the connection if
connection-oriented services are required.
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IPX specifies a connectionless datagram similar to
the IP packet of TCP/IP networks.
-
IOS supports packet forwarding and routing for ISO
CLNS on networks using data link layers: Ethernet, Token
Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and
serial.
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CLNS routing on serial interfaces is possible with
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Point-to-Point Protocol
(PPP), Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB), X.25,
Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), or Frame Relay
encapsulation.
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The ISO-developed IS-IS routing protocol and Cisco's
ISO Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) are designed to
include support for dynamic/static routing of ISO CLNS.
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ISO CLNS Addressing - addresses in the ISO network
architecture are referred to as NSAP addresses and network
entity titles (NETs). Each node in has one or more NETs as
well as many NSAP addresses. Cisco's implementation supports
all NSAP address formats that are defined by ISO 8348/Ad2.
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Key difference between ISO-IGRP and IS-IS NSAP
addressing schemes is in area- addresses definition: ISO-IGRP NSAP address includes three separate levels for
routing: the domain, area, and system ID, while IS-IS
address includes only two fields: a single continuous area
field comprising the domain and area fields defined for ISO-IGRP and the system ID.
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The following link has information on troubleshooting CLNS: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/itg_v1/tr1912.htm#xtocid27250
High-Level Data Link Control - HDLC
-
Bit-oriented synchronous data-link layer
protocol.
-
Developed by ISO.
-
Derived from SDLC (Synchronous Data Link
Control).
-
Specifies data encapsulation method on synchronous
serial links using frame characters and checksums.
-
Corresponds to Layer 2 and is responsible for the
error-free movement of data between network nodes.
-
Perform flow control to ensure that data is
transmitted only as fast as the receiver can receive
it.
-
Two distinct HDLC implementations: HDLC NRM (also
known as SDLC) and HDLC Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB).
-
LAPB
-
Complete data transparency in full-duplex
point-to-point operation.
-
Supports peer-to-peer without the need for
permanent master station (NRM does need designated
permanent master station).
-
Very efficient.
-
Frame window is used to send multiple frames before
receiving confirmation that the first frame has been
correctly received.
-
Three categories of frames
-
Information frames - transport data across the link
and may encapsulate the higher layers.
-
Supervisory frames - perform flow control and error
recovery.
-
Unnumbered frames - provide link initialization and
termination.
-
Maximum frame size depends on the number of CRC bytes
at the end of the frame.
-
Usually used by X.25.
-
Cisco router
supports point-to-point software compression on serial
interfaces that use HDLC encapsulation to reduce size of a
HDLC frame via lossless data compression, using Stacker (LZS) algorithm.
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Cisco MC3810 multiservice access concentrator
supports Voice over High-Level Data Link Control (VoHDLC), a
variation of HDLC.
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